In the mental-rotation task, cismale and transmale participants performed better than cisfemale participants, however this group difference was explained by intelligence scores, with higher scores predicting better performance. Participants performed spatial (mental rotation) and verbal (lexical decision) tasks presented to each hemisphere using a divided-visual field paradigm, and then completed an intelligence assessment. In addition, the present research measured participants’ intelligence in order to control for potential moderating effects. Cisgender-female, cisgender-male, and transmale participants, who were assigned female sex but did not have a female gender identity, were compared in terms of effects that have been observed in cisgender individuals: task-domain effects, in which males perform better than females on spatial tasks and females perform better than males on verbal tasks and hemisphere-asymmetry effects, in which males show larger differences between the left and right hemispheres than females. The present research examined the extent to which transmale individuals’ functional brain organization resembles that of their assigned sex or gender identity. In addition to being an interesting phenomenon in its own right, the illusory words paradigm may have considerable use as a tool for probing the perceptual units underlying visual word recognition. Illusory word report was insensitive to the phonological similarity of the recombining letters equal quantities of illusory words were created by sequences like china CHEAT THR -> threat and swung SWEAT THR -> threat. Illusory words were facilitated by repetition blindness only when the recombining letters maintained their position in the words. When a fragment was strategically placed in the RSVP stream, as in GROW throw ank, ob- servers reported seeing thank more often than in the control condition BEAT throw ank. The unrepeated letters in W2 do appear to be detected and available to feed activation to words compatible with them (Morris & Har- ris, 1999). When two orthographically similar words are displayed using rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP), the repeated letters in the second critical word (W2) are not detected, leading to a deficit in reporting this word, a phenomenon known as repetition blindness (RB). These experiments indicate that children attend to speakers’ non-linguistic properties, and this in turn can influence the perceived relevance of speakers’ labels. In both experiments, generalization was observed for the word-object pairs taught by the familiar race speaker. We found that toddlers did not generalize word meanings taught by an unfamiliar race speaker to a new speaker (Experiment 1), unless given evidence that the unfamiliar race speaker was a member of the child's linguistic community through affiliative behaviour and linguistic competence (Experiment 2). Using an intermodal preferential looking procedure, their interpretation of these new word-object pairs was tested using an unpictured novel speaker. Seventy-two 20-month-olds were taught two word-object pairs from a familiar race speaker, and two different word-object pairs from an unfamiliar race speaker (4 new pairs total). In two experiments, we explored the role of speaker-race on whether newly learned word-object pairs are generalized to new speakers. Information about how to obtain the program and its documentation is provided.Ī growing body of work suggests that speaker-race influences how infants and toddlers interpret the meanings of words. PsyScope is available for noncommercial purposes free of charge and unsupported to the general research community. Its graphic environment, and discuss some of its technical features (such as its underlying scripting language, timing characteristics,Įtc.). We describe the overall organization of the program, provide an example of how a simple experiment can be constructed within Graphically, and experiments are constructed by working with these elements in interactive windows and dialogs. The standard components of a psychology experiment-groups, blocks, trials, and factors-are all represented PsyScope relies on the interactive graphic environment provided by Macintosh computers toĪccomplish this goal. Goal of PsyScope is to give both psychology students and trained researchers a tool that allows them to design experiments PsyScope is an integrated environment for designing and running psychology experiments on Macintosh computers.
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